Republished from telegraph.com.uk
Exclusive: Situation worse than it was in 2007, says chairman of the OECD's
review committee
The global financial system has become
dangerously unstable and faces an avalanche of bankruptcies that will
test social and political stability, a leading monetary theorist has
warned.
"The situation is worse
than it was in 2007. Our macroeconomic ammunition to fight downturns is
essentially all used up," said William White, the Swiss-based chairman
of the OECD's review committee and former chief economist of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
"Emerging markets were part of the solution after the Lehman crisis. Now they are part of the problem, too."
William White, OECD
"Debts have continued to
build up over the last eight years and they have reached such levels in
every part of the world that they have become a potent cause for
mischief," he said.
"It will become
obvious in the next recession that many of these debts will never be
serviced or repaid, and this will be uncomfortable for a lot of people
who think they own assets that are worth something," he told The
Telegraph on the eve of the World Economic Forum in Davos.
"The only question is whether we are able to look reality in the eye
and face what is coming in an orderly fashion, or whether it will be
disorderly. Debt jubilees have been going on for 5,000 years, as far
back as the Sumerians." The next task awaiting the global authorities is how to manage debt write-offs - and therefore a massive reordering of winners and losers in society - without setting off a political storm.
Mr White said Europe's creditors are likely to face some of the biggest haircuts. European banks have already admitted to $1 trillion of non-performing loans: they are heavily exposed to emerging markets and are almost certainly rolling over further bad debts that have never been disclosed.
The European banking system may have to be recapitalized on a scale yet unimagined, and new "bail-in" rules mean that any deposit holder above the guarantee of €100,000 will have to help pay for it.
The warnings have special resonance since Mr White was one of the very few voices in the central banking fraternity who stated loudly and clearly between 2005 and 2008 that Western finance was riding for a fall, and that the global economy was susceptible to a violent crisis.
Mr White said stimulus from quantitative easing and zero rates by the big central banks after the Lehman crisis leaked out across east Asia and emerging markets, stoking credit bubbles and a surge in dollar borrowing that was hard to control in a world of free capital flows.
The result is that these countries have now been drawn into the morass as well. Combined public and private debt has surged to all-time highs to 185pc of GDP in emerging markets and to 265pc of GDP in the OECD club, both up by 35 percentage points since the top of the last credit cycle in 2007.
"Emerging markets were part of the solution after the Lehman crisis. Now they are part of the problem too," Mr White said.
Mr White, who also chief author of G30's recent report on the post-crisis future of central banking, said it is impossible know what the trigger will be for the next crisis since the global system has lost its anchor and is inherently prone to breakdown.
A Chinese devaluation clearly has the potential to metastasize. "Every major country is engaged in currency wars even though they insist that QE has nothing to do with competitive depreciation. They have all been playing the game except for China - so far - and it is a zero-sum game. China could really up the ante."
Mr White said QE and easy money policies by the US Federal Reserve and its peers have had the effect of bringing spending forward from the future in what is known as "inter-temporal smoothing". It becomes a toxic addiction over time and ultimately loses traction. In the end, the future catches up with you. "By definition, this means you cannot spend the money tomorrow," he said.
"It was always dangerous to rely on central banks to sort out a
solvency problem ... It is a recipe for disorder, and now we are hitting
the limit."
William White, OECD
In retrospect, central banks should have let the benign deflation of this (temporary) phase of globalisation run its course. By stoking debt bubbles, they have instead incubated what may prove to be a more malign variant, a classic 1930s-style "Fisherite" debt-deflation.
Mr White said the Fed is now in a horrible quandary as it tries to extract itself from QE and right the ship again. "It is a debt trap. Things are so bad that there is no right answer. If they raise rates it'll be nasty. If they don't raise rates, it just makes matters worse," he said.
There is no easy way out of this tangle. But Mr White said it would be a good start for governments to stop depending on central banks to do their dirty work. They should return to fiscal primacy - call it Keynesian, if you wish - and launch an investment blitz on infrastructure that pays for itself through higher growth.
"It was always dangerous to rely on central banks to sort out a solvency problem when all they can do is tackle liquidity problems. It is a recipe for disorder, and now we are hitting the limit," he said.